12/18/2023 0 Comments Define metronome![]() In addition, a fourth-order Butterworth bandpass filter (BPF) is used. The idea of the Hampel filter is to utilize a generalized median filter with flexible parameter tuning for outlier removal. We address this issue by applying a Hampel filter and a bandpass filter. In addition, the received data is corrupted by noise, both at frequencies higher than the breathing signal and at a slowly varying mean. It can be seen that each channel is able to capture the breathing-induced changes, and each has unique characteristics. We first perform DC removal on each channel (subtracting the average value) for a 150-sec period during which the subject is breathing at 10 bpm, and we plot each channel's power signal in Fig. We reserve further interpretation as a matter of future investigation. Instead, the observed decrease in multifractal spectrum width may be better explained by some other source of unexplained influence such as fatigue or simple passage of time. Hence, contrary to our hypothesis, the multifractal spectrum width was not differentially perturbed by the various metronome conditions used in this experiment. However, this conclusion would also be premature as participants in the None condition also showed the decline in spectrum width during the metronome condition. Walking in time with a metronome is an arguably more attention-demanding task than simply walking at a self-selected speed. ![]() One might be tempted to explain these results in terms of the task constraints. That is, the analysis revealed a relatively weak main effect of task, F(1,23)=6.46, P=.018, ω 2=0.12, resulting from the fact that, on average, the Pacing task produced more narrow multifractal spectra than did the Baseline task. ![]() Results from the ANOVA supported those from visual inspection. We statistically investigated the effects of task and metronome on multifractal spectrum width using a 4 B(metronome)×2 W(task) mixed ANOVA. In contrast, though, no interaction is apparent between Task and Pacing condition, implying a uniform decrease in multifractal spectrum width across all Pacing conditions. Similar to the results regarding the Hurst exponent described in Section 10.4.1.1, the average multifractal spectrum width for all Pacing conditions tends to cluster during the Baseline condition. The multifractal spectrum width was obtained by applying MFDFA ( Section 10.3.2) to time series of successive step lengths captured in the experiment described in Section 10.4. 10.11B, which represents the average multifractal spectrum width as a function of task and metronome type. Likens, Nick Stergiou, in Biomechanics and Gait Analysis, 2020 10.4.1.2 Multifractal results and discussion
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